Currently, fluorite beneficiation primarily involves hand sorting, gravity separation, and flotation, each depending on the ore's characteristics.
Heap leaching technology has become a core technology for the utilization of low-grade gold ore resources due to its simple process, low cost, and large processing capacity. Its leaching effect and cost control are affected by the synergy of multiple factors. Among them, comminution particle size is a core parameter, while ore properties, leaching process parameters, and monitoring technology also directly affect heap leaching efficiency. A systematic analysis is required to achieve process optimization.
Graphite, a vital non-metallic material used in lubricants, batteries, casting, and more, often contains impurities like quartz, sericite, and pyrite in raw ore. Beneficiation and purification are thus necessary for its application. Below is a concise overview of core processing technologies.
Graphite, as an important non - metallic material with both metallic and non - metallic properties, is widely used in modern industry. However, natural graphite ores are often associated with a large number of impurities and need to go through efficient purification processes to increase the fixed carbon content and meet the stringent requirements of various industries.
Gravity separation plays a crucial role in the processing of placer gold. Employing gravity separation prior to flotation and leaching enables the preferential extraction of coarse-grained gold, preventing its loss into tailings. This significantly reduces cyanide leaching duration and lowers cyanide consumption.
Copper-gold ores are typical refractory ores in the field of hydrometallurgy, as copper interferes with the cyanidation leaching process, often leading to high cyanide consumption and low gold leaching rate. To address this issue, the industry has developed two core gold extraction technologies: "step-by-step leaching" and "selective gold leaching".
The gold ore beneficiation process is clear and efficient: The ore is first graded and crushed by a jaw crusher and cone crusher, followed by impurities removal by a de-ironing device, followed by closed-loop grinding in a grate ball mill and hydrocyclone. Gravity separation then undergoes initial screening by a centrifugal separator, followed by concentrating on a shaker table and flotation, a "one coarse, two sweep, two fine" process with alarms. Finally, activated carbon adsorption is used for purification, followed by dry tailings discharge.
Current research on phosphate ore beneficiation processes primarily focuses on the removal of silicon, magnesium, and calcium from medium-to-low grade phosphate ore. This is achieved by modifying or optimising the flotation process flow and adjusting the dosage of flotation reagents to fully utilise domestic phosphate ore resources.
This paper focuses on the behavior of mercury in the bio-oxidation - carbon-in-leach (CIL) process for refractory gold ores. It reveals that mercury mainly exists in the form of cinnabar in the solid phase during crushing, grinding, flotation and bio-oxidation stages. In the CIL stage, mercury undergoes solid - liquid phase migration, reacts with cyanide to form mercury cyanide complexes, which increases sodium cyanide consumption and causes "mercury poisoning" of activated carbon, reducing gold recovery. Corresponding measures such as adding sodium sulfide to precipitate mercury are proposed to address these issues.
Hematite is formed through prolonged chemical reactions involving iron-bearing minerals. When iron sulfide ore deposits exposed at the Earth's surface undergo prolonged oxidation, they transform into hematite. Therefore, hematite is an iron oxide mineral primarily composed of Fe₂O₃ and crystalline water.
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